97% of pharmacy staff believe that current guidance on Controlled Drugs (CD) needs to be updated to provide instructions on how best to manage CDs digitally1. The survey results coincide with the launch of an advisory paper around the handling of controlled drugs in hospitals using automation and digital systems. The paper includes recommendations from leading experts, following a detailed review of the current framework for handling controlled drugs in hospital settings.
The result is a widespread call for greater degree of support in reference sources, such as a ‘Medicines, Ethics & Practice Guide’ to drive real change and progress. This Guide would recommend the optimal way to order, store and manage controlled drugs using a closed loop digital system. Harnessing technological systems and automated drug cabinets will improve the audit trail and create a consistency in processes across the health service.
A survey of pharmacy staff went on to find that 40% of staff believe that a lack of resources is one of the main reasons preventing them from managing controlled drugs digitally – a similar number believe it’s due to a lack of guidance and resource. Additionally, 31% of pharmacy staff think that it’s due to a lack of awareness and just under a third (29%) point to funding issues2.
The report outlined a clear set of recommendations including the following:
The report found that current problems in handling CDs within the hospital setting were both numerous and complex. These were largely driven by a time-intensive and complex mandatory record keeping process which included the manual reconciliation of stock involving people at every stage of the process, supported by inadequate storage facilities that are no longer fit for purpose.
But whilst UK pharmacies have sought to increase the use of robotic technology to streamline the sorting and administration of medications with impressive outcome data, technology has only been used with CDs in a limited trial basis in a relatively small number of UK hospitals. This, says the report, is due to difficulties with compliance, along with legislative storage and record-keeping requirements. As a result, most controlled drugs are still managed via traditional ‘lock and key’ medication cupboards supported by a paper ledger. But changes to this process are being made and the recently published Health Building Note provides new best practice guidance on storage facilities for medications (including controlled drugs) to clarify the legislative and regulatory requirement including updated advice on automated drug storage cupboards.
However, to manage the current processes, hospitals introduce their own mandatory strategy and policy underpinned by a set of risk-assessed standard operating procedures (SOPs). These SOPs are introduced to cover training, storage, ordering and supply, prescribing, recording (via a ledger/paper record book), as well as the transportation and destruction and disposal of CDs. The SOPs are complex and fraught with the risk of error, from the need to find authorised staff on a busy ward to record newly arrived stock in a record book, to requirements to find an appropriate witnesses for counter-recording data. Unsurprisingly, variation across hospitals is widespread.
Liz Kay, Co-author of the report said; “In addition, the detailed, consistent record keeping of issues and problems with associated outcomes of incidents nationwide is also sparse and often anecdotal. Comprehensive data linked to incidents reported to NHS England is subject to variation, making it almost impossible to gain a complete overall and accurate national picture. Due to the staggered roll-out of a new reporting tool recently and the interpretation of risk by individual organisations, there was an average of 8 daily unaccounted for losses recorded in England alone. No-one believes this is an informative or accurate reflection on what is happening at a grass root level. Technology could provide us with greater insight on incidents and in turn, how we can then reduce these to drive forward increased patient safety.”
Ed Platt, Automation Director of Omnicell UK & Ireland comments; “The benefits of automation and digitalisation were analysed and reviewed within the document. These included the fact that a digital recording system provides an audit trail showing who has handled what, when. A cabinet can secure stock from access to all but authorised HCPs via fingerprint technology, with each CD supplied having a unique code associated with it. CD cabinets in clinical areas are linked to pharmacy cabinets creating a unique order process with a full paper trail. The digital system also allows for end-to-end tracking, ordering and restocking negating the need for a timely, arduous manual stock take. Finally, the automated system can connect to the ePMA and determine which drugs are needed for which patients on the ward.”
There are currently a variety of automated systems available in the hospital setting – some in pharmacy, some on wards and in operating theatres. A few use an integrated system where the pharmacy and clinical settings are fully automated.
It is hoped that the adoption of updated guidance will reduce waste and improve consistency in the handling and administration of medications. A framework and standard operating procedures to ensure that this is statutory, now needs to follow.
The opinion poll reinforces this with 55% of pharmacy staff believing that current controlled drug guidance should be updated to recommend paper CD registers are replaced with electronic CD registers. Additionally, 41% of pharmacy staff believe that current CD guidance should be updated to recommend paper CD registers replaced with electronic CD registers so long as the electronic register meets the current CD guidance requirements3.
The report calls on the Home Office to set a legal framework supported by the GPhC and the CQC. Agreeing governance arrangements for CDs with clear lines of responsibility and accountability which include harnessing technology to digitalise and automate processes. It is also believed that local and national systems for reporting CD incidents should be used in organisations and CDAO must be kept informed – especially true during the changeover from paper, lock and key based systems.
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References
1, 2, 3 – 153 respondents (pharmacists/pharmacy staff) Clinical Pharmacy Congress 17/18 September2021 https://www.surveymonkey.com/results/SM-PFZW7HRY9/
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